The mental hygiene movement, similar to the social hygiene movement, had at times been associated with advocating eugenics and sterilization of those considered too mentally deficient to be assisted into productive work and contented family life. Īt the beginning of the 20th century, Clifford Beers founded "Mental Health America – National Committee for Mental Hygiene", after publication of his accounts as a patient in several lunatic asylums, A Mind That Found Itself, in 1908 and opened the first outpatient mental health clinic in the United States. Later, the proposed disease model of abnormality was subjected to analysis and considered normality to be relative to the physical, geographical and cultural aspects of the defining group. Įmil Kraepelin in 1896 developed the taxonomy of mental disorders which has dominated the field for nearly 80 years. From 1840 to 1880, she won the support of the federal government to set up over 30 state psychiatric hospitals however, they were understaffed, under-resourced, and were accused of violating human rights. Before this movement, it was not uncommon that people affected by mental illness would be considerably neglected, often left alone in deplorable conditions without sufficient clothing. This became known as the "mental hygiene movement". Dix was a school teacher who endeavored to help people with mental disorders and to expose the sub-standard conditions into which they were put. Dorothea Dix (1802–1887) was an important figure in the development of the "mental hygiene" movement. This response persisted through the 1700s, along with the inhumane confinement and stigmatization of such individuals. In American history, mentally ill patients were thought to be religiously punished. Isaac Ray, the fourth president of the American Psychiatric Association and one of its founders, further defined mental hygiene as "the art of preserving the mind against all incidents and influences calculated to deteriorate its qualities, impair its energies, or derange its movements". In the mid-19th century, William Sweetser was the first to coin the term mental hygiene, which can be seen as the precursor to contemporary approaches to work on promoting positive mental health. See also: Well-being, Eudaimonia, and History of mental disorders Early history Therapists, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurse practitioners, or family physicians can help manage mental illness with treatments such as therapy, counseling or medication. Mental health is associated with a number of lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, stress, drug abuse, social connections and interactions. In the United States, the DSM-5 is used as the classification system of mental disorders. The ICD-11 is the global standard used to diagnose, treat, research, and report various mental disorders. Mental disorders are defined as health conditions that affect and alter cognitive functioning, emotional responses, and behavior associated with distress and/or impaired functioning. Impairment of any of these are risk factor for mental disorders, or mental illnesses, which are a component of mental health. Mental health, as defined by the Public Health Agency of Canada, is an individual's capacity to feel, think, and act in ways to achieve a better quality of life while respecting personal, social, and cultural boundaries. Some early signs related to mental health difficulties are sleep irritation, lack of energy, lack of appetite, and thinking of harming oneself or others. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how one defines "mental health". From the perspectives of positive psychology or holism, mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and to create a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. Mental health includes subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence, and self-actualization of one's intellectual and emotional potential, among others. It likewise determines how an individual handles stress, interpersonal relationships, and decision-making. According to World Health Organization (WHO), it is a "state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and can contribute to his or her community". Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being, influencing cognition, perception, and behavior.
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